BAB 7

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE

A noun can be countable and uncountable

COUNTABLE

Definition

A countable noun can be singular or plurar , we can use numbers with countable nouns. The countable nouns are those nouns that can exist both separately and in group or, in other words, those which you can count, like:

• a pencil

• an american,

• an apple

• a paper

Examples of nouns usually countable :

I like a banana

I have two books

We can use a/an with singular countable nouns

Example :

Kate was singing a song

There’s a nice beach near here

Do you have a ten –pound note ?

Note :

We cannot use singular countable nouns alone without (a/an, etc)

Example :

I want a banana (not I want banana)

We can use plural countable nouns alone

Example :

I like bananas (= bananas in general)

We can use some and any with plural countable nouns

Example :

We sang some songs

Did you buy any apples ?

We can use many and few with plural countable nouns

Example :

We didn’t take many photographs

I have a few things to do

UNCOUNTABLE

Example :

I eat rice every day

I like rice

Rice is an uncountable noun

An uncountable noun has only one form (rice)

We cannot use numbers with uncountable nouns, we cannot say “one rice”, “two rice”, etc.

Example of nouns usually uncountable :

Dina was listening to (some) music

There’s sand in my shoes

We haven’t got enough money

Note :

You cannot normally use a/an with uncountable nouns. We don not say” a sand”, “ a music”, “ a water”, “ arice “.

But you can often use a…of.

Example : a bowl/ a packet/ a grain of rice 

Referensi/sumber :

1. TOEFL Preparation By Drs. Kardimin, M.Hum

2. Fundamentals of ENGLISH GRAMMAR second edition By Betty Schrampfer Azar

3. Understanding and Using ENGLISH GRAMMAR second edition BY Betty Schrampfer Azar

4. Work book for intermediate student LIA

5. English Grammar In Use By Raymond Murphy

BAB 6

THE DEGREES OF COMPARISON

Definisi

The Degrees of comparison merupakan tingkat perbandingan

Penjelasan

The Degrees of comparison berjumlah tiga tingkat, yaitu :

The Positive Degree (tingkat positive/biasa)

The Comparative (tingkat komparatif/lebih/perbandingan)

The superlative (tingkat superlative/paling)

1. Kata sifat yang terdiri dari satu suku kata dan beberapa kata sifat bersuku kata dua, dapat dibentuk Comparative dengan menambahkan –er atau-r, dan superlative dengan menambahkan –est atau –st.

a) Jika positive berakhir dalam dua huruf mati atau dalam satu huruf mati yang didahului oleh dua huruf hidup,-er dan –est ditambahkan.

Contoh :

Positive

Rich

Thick

Long

Comparative

Richer

Thicker

Longer

Superlatif

Richest

Thickest

Longest

b) Jika positive berakhir dalam satu huruf mati dan huruf mati itu didahului oleh sebuah vocal pendek,huruf mati tersebut digandakan kemudian ditambahkan –er dan –est.

Contoh :

Positive

Big

Wet

Hot

Comparative

Bigger

Wetter

Hotter

Superlatif

Bigg

Wettest

Hottest

c) Jika positive berakhir dalam –e , hanya-r dan –st ditambahkan

Contoh :

Positive

Nice

Fine

Wise

Comparative

Nicer

Finer

WIser

Superlative

Nicest

Finest

Wisest

d) Jika positive berakhir dalam –y, dan –y itu didahului oleh huruf mati, -y diubah menjadi –i, lalu ditambahkan –er dan –est

Contoh :

Positive

Wry

Dry

Happy

Comparative

Wrier

Drier

Happier

Superlative

Wriest

Driest

Happiest

e) Jika –y didahului oleh sebuah huruf hidup ,-y tidak diubah menjadi –i, tapi langsung ditambahkan –er dan –est

Contoh :

Positive

Gay

Coy

Lay

Comparative

Gayer

Coyer

Layer

Superlative

Gayest

Coyest

Layest

f) Kata sifat yang terdiri atas dua suku kata yang berakhiran some, -ow, -le, -er , ditambahkan -er dan –est.

Contoh :

Positive

Slow

Noble

Clever

Comparative

Slower

Nobler

Cleverer

Superlative

Slowest

Noblest

Cleverest

2. Kata sifat yang bersuku kata dua (yang tekanan suaranya jatuh pada suku kata awal) atau lebih, ditambahkan more untuk membentuk Comparatives dan most untuk Superlatives

Contoh :

Positive

Famous

Beautiful

Difficult

Comparative

More Famous

More Beautiful

More Difficult

Superlative

Most Famous

Most Beautiful

Most Difficult

3. Bentuk kata sifat (Adjective) dibentuk dengan cara tak beraturan (irregular) untuk comparatives dan superlatives

Contoh :

Positive

Bad

Good

Little

Comparative

Worse

Better

Less

Superlative

Worst

Best

Least

4. Ada lima buah kata Adverb (kata keterangan) dalam bentuk Positive Degree, tetapi (kata keterangan) dalam bentuk Comparative dan Superlative

Contoh :

Positive

Fore

Far

In

Beneath

Up

Comparative

Further

Farther

Inner

Nether

Upper

Superlative

Furthest

Farthest

Innermost

Nethermost

Uppermost

Pemakaian

1) Positive Degree ( Tingkat Positive)

Apabila dua orang atau benda dikatakan sama dalam hal sifat tertentu, kita menggunakan Positive Degree dengan as….as, atau dengan ungkapan tertentu yang sama artinya.

Rumus :

As + Positive + as

No less + Positive + Than

Not more + Positive + than

Contoh :

This girl is as clever as that

This girl is no less clever than that

This girl is not more clever than this

2) Comparative Degree ( Tingkat Komparatif)

Apabila dua orang atau benda dikatakan tidak sama dalam hal sifat yang tertentu, kita menggunakan Comparative Degree.

Rumus :

Comparative + Than

Contoh :

This boy is more clever than that

Lisa is taller than her sister

Jakarta is bigger than Surabaya

Manila is farther than Jakarta

3) Superlative Degree ( Tingkat Superlative )

Apabila seseorang atau sebuah benda dikatakan melebihi atau mengungguli semua orang atau benda yang lain yang sama macamnya, kita menggunakan Superlative Degree dengan the…of

Rumus :

The + Superlative + of

The + Superlative + noun + in

Catatan :

Lebih daripada dua orang atau benda diperbandingkan, bentuk superlative harus dipakai

Kata-kata sifat dalam bentuk Superlative didahului oleh the dan diikuti oleh of atau in

Contoh :

She is the tallest of all the girls

This girl is the cleverest of all

Jakarta is the largest city in Indonesia

He is the cleverest student in his class

Referensi/sumber :

1. TOEFL Preparation By Drs. Kardimin, M.Hum

2. Fundamentals of ENGLISH GRAMMAR second edition By Betty Schrampfer Azar

3. Understanding and Using ENGLISH GRAMMAR second edition BY Betty Schrampfer Azar

4. Modern English Exercise For Non Native Speaker Part II By Marcela Frank

5. Work book for intermediate student LIA

6. English Grammar In Use By Raymond Murphy

BAB 5

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICES

Definisi

Kata kerja transitif mempunyai dua voice (ragam gramatikal),yaitu active voice(aktif) dan passive voice (pasif).

Active voices(Bentuk aktif) yaitu dapat dikatakan disini orang,binatang atau benda yang ditunjukan oleh subjek dikatakan melakukan sesuatu pada sesuatu yang lain.

Passive voices(Bentuk passive) yaitu dapat dikatakan disini orang,binatang atau benda dikatakan menderita sesuatu dari sesuatu yang lain.

Penjelasan

Passive voices (Kalimat Pasif) yaitu kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai pekerjaan. Dalam bahasa Indonesia kalimat ini menggunakan kata kerja yang diawali di (dijual,dipanggil,ditulis dan lain-lain)

Catatan :

Rumus pembuatan kalimat pasif ialah :

To be+Past Participle / Tobe+V3

Passive voice juga mengikuti waktu/tenses seperti yang dialami oleh kalimat aktif.

Aturan-aturan untuk merubah kalimat dari bentuk aktif menjadi pasif :

• Kalimatnya harus mempunyai objek (transitive verb). Jika tidak ada objek, maka harus ada question word yang menanyakan objek.

• Objek kalimat aktif menjadi subjek kalimat pasif

• Subjek kalimat aktif menjadi objek kalimat pasif yang didaului kaya “by”

• Kata kerja yang dipakai adalah Verb-III (Past Participle) yang didahului oleh to be

• Susunan kalimat disesuaikan dengan tenses

Dibawah ini merupakan contoh-contoh kalimat-kalimat aktif yang diubah menjadi kalimat pasif dalam bentuk tenses :

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Simple Present Tense

Aktif : Subject + infinitive + object

Pasif : Subject + to be + Past Participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : He buys a pen

Pasif : A pen is bought by him

Aktif : She does the homework

Pasif : The homework is done by her

Aktif : They sell that house

Pasif : The house is sold by them

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Present Continous Tense

Aktif : Subject + is,am,are + present participle + object

Pasif : Subject + is,am,are + being + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : She is doing the homework

Pasif : The homework is being done by her

Aktif : He is waiting for Dina

Pasif : Dina is being waited by him

Aktif : They are giving the present to Mary

Pasif : The present is being given by them to Mary

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Present Perfect Tense

Aktif : Subject + have/has + past participle + object

Pasif : Subject + have/has + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : She has bought a pencil

Pasif : A pencil has bought by her

Aktif : He has left this house since 1978

Pasif : This house has been left by him since 1978

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Present Perfect Continous Tense

Aktif : Subject + have/has been + present participle + object

Pasif : Subject + have/has + been + being + past participle +by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : She has been doing a home work all night toninght

Pasif : A home work has been being done by her all night tonight

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Tense

Aktif : Subject + past + object

Pasif : Subject + was/were + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : She tore the letter last night

Pasif : The letter was torn by her last night

Aktif : Susi helped nita last Sunday

Pasif : Nita was helped by susi last Sunday

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Continous Tense

Aktif : Subject + was/were + present participle + object

Pasif : Subject + was/were + being + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : Dina was reading a novel

Pasif : A novel was being read by dina

Aktif : Vika was helping her mother in the kitchen yesterday

Pasif : Her mother was being helped by vika in the kitchen

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Perfect Tense

Aktif : Subject + had + past participle + object

Pasif : Subject + had been + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : She had left that place

Pasif : That place had been left by her

Aktif : She had not done the job

Pasif : The job had not been done by her

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Perfect Continous Tense

Aktif : Subject + had + been + present participle + object

Pasif : Subject + had + been + being + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : Mila had been reading a magazine

Pasif : A magazine had been being read by Mila

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Future Tense

Aktif : Subject + will + infinitive + object

Pasif : Subject + will be + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : Tia will sing a beautiful song

Pasif : A beautiful song will be sung by tia

Aktif : I will not meet dara

Pasif : Dara will not be met by me

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Future Continous Tense

Aktif : Subject + will be + present participle + object

Pasif : Subject + will + be + being + past participle + object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : He will be doing a test tomorrow

Pasif : A test will be being done by him tomorrow

Aktif : He will not be playing football at 4.00 p.m. tomorrow

Pasif : Football will be being played by him at 4.00 p.m tomorrow

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Future Perfect Tense

Aktif : Subject + will have + past participle + object

Pasif : Subject + will have been + past participle + by subject

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : he will have finished his duty next month

Pasif : His duty will have been finished by him next month

Aktif : She will not have done her homework till next week

Pasif : Homework not have been had by him till next week

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Future Perfect Continous Tense

Aktif : Subject + will have been + present participle + object

Pasif : Subject + will have been + being + past participle

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : Dewi will have been studying English for three weeks

Pasif : English will have been being studied by Dewi for three weeks

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Future Tense

Aktif : Subject + would + infinitive + object

Pasif : Subject + would + be + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : I would buy a book tomorrow

Pasif : A book would be bought by me tomorrow

Aktif : He would awake the servant last night

Pasif : The servant would be awoken by him last night

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Future Continous Tense

Aktif : Subject + would be + present participle + object

Pasif : Subject + would be + being + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : He would be taking an examination at this time the following day

Pasif : An examination would be being taken by him at this time the following day

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Future Perfect Tense

Aktif : Subject + would + have + past participle + object

Pasif : Subject + would + have + been + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : He would have finished the duty if he had worked hard

Pasif : The duty would have been finished by him if he had worked hard

Kalimat Aktif dan Pasif Dalam Bentuk Past Future Perfect Continous Tense

Aktif : Subject + would + have +been + present participle + object

Pasif : Subject + would + have + been + being + past participle + by object

Contoh kalimat :

Aktif : we would have been doing that plan for three years

Pasif : that plan would have been being done by us for tree years

Referensi/sumber :

1. TOEFL Preparation By Drs. Kardimin, M.Hum

2. Fundamentals of ENGLISH GRAMMAR second edition By Betty Schrampfer Azar

3. Understanding and Using ENGLISH GRAMMAR second edition BY Betty Schrampfer Azar

4. Modern English Exercise For Non Native Speaker Part II By Marcela Frank

5. Work book for intermediate student LIA

6. English Grammar In Use By Raymond Murphy

BAB 4

REPORTED SPEECH

(DIRECT DAN INDIRECT SPEECH)

DEFINISI

Direct speech adalah kata-kata (kalimat) yang diucapkan langsung dari pembicara. Kalimat tersebut tidak diubah atau ditambah.

Indirect speech adalah kata-kata(kalimat) direct speech yang diceritakan kembali dengan cara lain, tetapi tidak mengubah dengan tidak mengulangi lagi pembicaraan.

PENJELASAN

Untuk lebih memahami perbedaan antara direct speeh dengan indirect speech dapat dilihat dari contoh dibawah ini :

• He said : “ I am very hungry” (Direct speech)

• He said that he was very hungry (Indirect speech)

Catatan :

Dari contoh diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa perbedaan antara direct speech dan indirect speech adalah bahwa dalam direct speech atau kalimat langsung memakai tanda kutip sedangkan dalam indirect speech atau kalimat tidak langsung tanda kutip tidak dipakai.

Direct dan Indirect speech dapat dibagi dalam 3 bagian :

1. Command (Perintah)

2. Statement (Pernyataan)

3. Question (Pertanyaan)

COMMAND

Command terdiri dari 2 jenis :

Positive Command

Negative Command

Positive Command

Dalam pola ini kalimat pengantar dinyatakan dengan kata kerja : tell, ask, advise, etc. Diikuti oleh to infinitive.

Kalimat pengantar :

He asked me to

He told me to + reporter words

He ordered to

contoh-contoh positive command :

Direct : The teacher said to me : “open your book”

Indirect : The teacher asked me to open my book

Direct : The doctor said to me : ”stay in bed for a few days”

Indirect : The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days

Direct : They ordered him : “wait until we turn”

Indirect : They ordered him to wait until they turn

Negative Command

Kalimat pengantar :

He asked me

He told me not to + reporter words

He ordered me

Contoh-contoh negative command :

• Direct : Father asked me : “ Don’t go out”

Indirect : Father asked me no to go out

• Direct : He said to me :’’Don’t make the same mistake again”

Indirect : He told me not to make the same mistake again

• Direct : She ordered anna :”Please don’t make me confused”

Indirect : She ordered anna not to make her confused

STATEMENT

Dalam indirect statement, “that” digunakan sebagai penghubung antar kalimat pengantar dan kata-kata yang dilaporkan (reported speech)

Kalimat pengantar dalam statement :

He said

+that+reported words

He told me

Contoh-contoh :

• Direct : He said, “Adi is ill”

Indirect : He said that adi was ill

• Direct : She told me, “I am studying English now”

Indirect : she told me that she was studying English now

• Direct : Rina said, “he will work hard”

Indirect : Rina said that he would work hard

• Direct : He told me, “ I have written a letter”

Indirect : He told me that I had written a letter

• Direct : She said, “ I have been working here for 3 years”

Indirect : She said that he had been working here for 3 years:

Catatan:

Ada beberapa perubahan perubahan dari Direct ke Indirect Speech

1. To be and Auxiliries

2. Time and Place

3. Tenses

QUESTION

Bila pertanyaan langsung dalam bentuk YES dan NO answer maka IF atau WHETHER sebagai pendukung antara introductory phrase dan reported words.

Kalimat pengantar untuk pola ialah :

He asked me IF/WHETHER………

Contoh-contoh :

Direct : we asked the man “Do you like coffe?”

Indirect : we asked the man if/whether he liked coffe

Direct : seisy asked Helen : “have you seen that film?”

Indirect : seisy asked Helen if/whether she had seen that film

Direct : we asked him :”will you be doing anything by this time tomorrow?”

Indirect : we asked him if/whether he would be doing anything by this time tomorrow

Auxiliaries

Direct : the man asked me :’’can you speak English?

Indirect : the man asked me if/whether I could speak English

Bila pertanyaan menggunakan kata-kata Tanya seperti : where, when, what, why, who,whose,how,etc. maka kata-kata tersebut berfungsi sebagai penghubung antara introductory pharse dan reported words, dengan pola sbb:

He asked me + Question Words+reported words(positive)

Contoh-contoh :

Direct : we asked the man :’where do you live?”

Indirect : we asked the man where he lived

Direct : we asked him :’’ where were you going by 5 p.m yesterday?”

Indirect : we asked him where he had been going by 5 p.m yesterday

MIXED TYPE (GABUNGAN)

Bila suatu pernyataan(statement), dan pertanyaan (question) digabung maka digunakan kata penghubung AND dan AS. Perhatikan contoh-contoh berikut ini:

Direct : adi said to seisi : I’am off to the movie. Where are you going?

Indirect : adi said to seisi that he was off to the movie and asked where she was going

Direct : the man asked me :’’what time is it? My watch has stopped’’

Indirect : the man asked me what time it was as his watch had stopped

Bila suatu pertanyaan dan jawabannya (YES & NO) digabung, maka digunakan kata penghubung AND dan BUT. Contoh :

Direct : I asked him:’’Do you like this?Yes, (I do)

Indirect : I asked him if/whether he liked that and he said he did

Direct : nia asked doni :’’will you go out tonight? No, (I won’t)

Indirect : nia asked donin if/whether he would go out that night but he said he wouldn’t

Beberapa hal penting yang perlu diperhatikan

A Must

Dalam bentuk present

Must menjadi Had to

Contoh :

Direct :She told me, “You must stay She told me that

Indirect :here until 11.00” I had to stay there until 11.00

Dalam bentuk future

Must menjadi would have to

Contoh:

Direct :She told me,”you must come again tomorrow"

Indirect :She told me that I would have to come the following day

Larangan atau hukuman

Must menjadi musn’t/wasn’t to

Direct :He told me,”you musn’t drive a car without license"

Indirect :He told me that I musn’t a car without a license drive

B. Kebenaran umum tidak mengalami perubahan tense

Contoh :

Direct : he told me,’’the sun rises in the east”

Indirect : he told me the sun rises in the east

C. Offers (Menawarkan)

Contoh :

Direct : “shall I bring you some tea?”

Indirect :he offered to bring me some tea

D. Let’s

Let’s biasanya menyatakan suatu ajakan dan kemudian menjadi suatu saran dalam indirect speech

Contoh :

Direct : He said,”let’s leave the case at the station”

Indirect : He suggested leaving the case at the station

E . Exclamation

Exclamations(seruan,heran,kagum,dsb). Harus menjadi suatu pernyataan dalam indirect speech

Contoh:

Direct : he said,”what a beautiful hair she has!”

Indirect : he said that she had a beautiful hair

Direct : he said,”what a dreadful thing!”

Indirect : he said that it was a dreadful thing

Direct : he said, “how wonderful you are!”

Indirect : he said that you were wonderful

Referensi/sumber :

1. TOEFL Preparation By Drs. Kardimin, M.Hum

2. Fundamentals of ENGLISH GRAMMAR second edition By Betty Schrampfer Azar

3. Understanding and Using ENGLISH GRAMMAR second edition BY Betty Schrampfer Azar

4. Modern English Exercise For Non Native Speaker Part II By Marcela Frank

5. Work book for intermediate student LIA

6. English Grammar In Use By Raymond Murphy

BAB 2 & BAB 3

COMMAND AND REQUEST

DEFINISI

Command and Request merupakan kalimat perintah/permohonan dan permintaan atau kalimat memohon atau menyuruh untuk berbuat sesuatu.

PENJELASAN

Command and Request(memohon dan menyuruh/memerintah) menggunakan kata sifat/Adjective memakai Be ditempatkan sebelum kata sifat itu, yang artinya …lah

1. MEMOHON/MENYURUH DENGAN KATA SIFAT

Be Adjective…!

Contoh :

Be silent !

Be patient!

Be diligent!

Be quiet!

Be cheerful!

2. MELARANG DENGAN KATA SIFAT

Don’t be adjective…!

Dalam kalimat melarang dengan menggunakan kata sifat, tempatkanlah Don’t be sebelum kata sifat itu yang artinya: janganlah

Contoh :

Don’t be angry

Don’t be noisy

Don’t be lazy

Don’t be afraid

Don’t be bored

Catatan : Bila dalam kalimat itu terdapat kata benda atau kata ganti orang seperti : wife,husband, children,teacher dll. maka Be berarti menjadi.

Contoh:

Don’t be shy neighbours

Don’t be a cruel man

Don’t be naughty children

Don’t be a fool

1. MEMOHON/MENYURUH DENGAN KATA KERJA

Verb…!

Berbeda dengan kata sifat. Bila kita hendak membuat kalimat memohon,menyuruh/memerintah, maka kita menempatkan kata kerja tanpa pokok kalimat, yang berarti ….lah

Contoh:

Sit down!

Stand up!

Go out!

Come in!

Open the door!

2. MELARANG DENGAN KATA KERJA

Don’t verb…!

Dalam kalimat melarang dengan menggunakan kata kerja tanpa pokok kalimat, kita menempatkan “don’t” sebelum kata kerja yang artinya jangan(lah).

Contoh:

Don’t forget me

Don’t leave me

Don’t disturb you

Don’t approach me

Don’t cry

Don’t make noise

Don’t say that

Don’t smoke too much

Don’t sing the song again

Don’t carry the glass

Don’t clean the door

Catatan :

Untuk melarang gunakan kata Don’t bukan not

Referensi/sumber :

1. TOEFL Preparation By Drs. Kardimin, M.Hum

2. Fundamentals of ENGLISH GRAMMAR second edition By Betty Schrampfer Azar

3. Understanding and Using ENGLISH GRAMMAR second edition BY Betty Schrampfer Azar

4. Modern English Exercise For Non Native Speaker Part II By Marcela Frank

5. Work book for intermediate student LIA

6. English Grammar In Use By Raymond Murphy